Tutorials
What is a Sampling Frame?
Often researchers are interested in answering some question about a population, such as:
What is the mean height of students at a certain school?
What is...
Tutorials
Pretest-Posttest Design: Definition & Examples
A pretest-posttest design is an experiment in which measurements are taken on individuals both before and after they’re involved in some treatment.
Pretest-posttest designs can be used in...
P-values and Effect Size
How to Find Z Alpha/2 (za/2)
Whenever you come across the term zα/2 in statistics, it is simply referring to the z critical value from the z table that corresponds to α/2.
This...
Tutorials
Set Operations: Union, Intersection, Complement, and Difference
A set is a collection of items.
We denote a set using a capital letter and we define the items within the set using curly brackets. For...
Tutorials
Law of Large Numbers: Definition + Examples
The law of large numbers states that as a sample size becomes larger, the sample mean gets closer to the expected value.
The most basic example of...
ANOVA
An Introduction to ANCOVA (Analysis of Variance)
ANCOVA stands for “analysis of covariance.” To understand how an ANCOVA works, it helps to first understand the ANOVA.
An ANOVA (analysis of variance) is used to determine whether or...
Random Variables
An Introduction to the Negative Binomial Distribution
The negative binomial distribution describes the probability of experiencing a certain amount of failures before experiencing a certain amount of successes in a series of Bernoulli...
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