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SPSS

How to Calculate a Five Number Summary in SPSS

A five number summary is a way to summarize a dataset using the following five values: The minimum The first quartile The median The third quartile The maximum The five number summary...

How to Calculate the Coefficient of Variation in SPSS

The coefficient of variation is a way to measure how spread out values are in a dataset relative to the mean. It is calculated as: Coefficient of...

How to Calculate Z-Scores in SPSS

A z-score tells us how many standard deviations away a given value is from the mean. The z-score of a given value is calculated as: z-score = (x...

How to Identify Outliers in SPSS

An outlier is an observation that lies abnormally far away from other values in a dataset. Outliers can be problematic because they can effect the results...

How to Create a Covariance Matrix in SPSS

Covariance is a measure of how changes in one variable are associated with changes in a second variable. Specifically, it’s a measure of the degree...

How to Perform a MANOVA in SPSS

A one-way ANOVA is used to determine whether or not different levels of an explanatory variable lead to statistically different results in some response variable. For example,...

How to Perform the Friedman Test in SPSS

The Friedman Test is a non-parametric alternative to the Repeated Measures ANOVA. It is used to determine whether or not there is a statistically significant difference between the means...

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