The mean of a dataset represents the average value of the dataset. It is calculated as:
Mean = Σxi / n
where:
- Σ: A symbol that means “sum”
- xi: The ith observation in a dataset
- n: The total number of observations in the dataset
For example, suppose we have the following dataset with 11 observations:
Dataset: 3, 4, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17
The mean of the dataset is calculated as:
Mean = (3+4+4+6+7+8+12+13+15+16+17) / 11 = 9.54
In statistics, the mean is important for the following reasons:
1. The mean gives us an idea of where the “center” of a dataset is located.
2. Because of how it’s calculated, the mean carries a piece of information from every observation in a dataset.
The following example illustrates both of these reasons.
Example: Calculating the Mean of a Dataset
Suppose we have a dataset that contains the selling price of 10,000 different homes in a certain city.
Instead of staring at thousands of rows of raw data, we can calculate the mean value to quickly understand the average selling price of homes in this city.
By knowing that the mean selling price is $297,000, we get an idea of what the “typical” house sells for in this city.
This single value for the mean is much easier to interpret compared to staring at all of the rows of raw data.
And since every single house selling price was used to calculate the mean, we could multiply the average selling price by the total number of houses to find the total selling price of all houses in this city:
- Total selling price of all houses = Average selling price * Number of houses
- Total selling price of all houses = $297,000 * 10,000
- Total selling price of all houses = $2,970,000,000
We can see that the total selling price of all houses in this city is $2.97 billion.
When to Use the Mean
When analyzing datasets, we’re often interested in understanding where the center value is located.
In statistics, there are two common metrics that we use to measure the center of a dataset:
- Mean: The average value in a dataset
- Median: The middle value in a dataset
The mean is the most common way to measure the center of a dataset, but it can actually be misleading in the following situations:
To illustrate this, consider the following two examples.
Example 1: Calculating the Mean of a Skewed Distribution
Consider the following distribution of salaries for residents in a certain city:
The large salaries on the right side of the distribution pull the mean away from the center of the distribution.
Thus, the median does a better job of capturing the “typical” salary of a resident than the mean because the distribution is right-skewed.
In this particular example, the mean salary is $47,000 while the median salary is $32,000.
Thus, the median is much more representative of the typical salary in this city.
Example 2: Calculating the Mean When Outliers Are Present
Consider the following chart that shows the square footage of houses on a certain street:
The mean is heavily influenced by a couple extremely large houses, while the median is not.
We can see that the median does a better job of capturing the “typical” square footage of a house on this street compared to the mean because it isn’t influenced by the extreme outlier values.
Summary
Here’s a quick summary of the main takeaways from this article:
- The mean represents the average value in a dataset.
- The mean is important because it gives us an idea of where the center value is located in a dataset.
- The mean is also important because it carries a piece of information from every observation in a dataset.
- The mean can be misleading when a dataset is skewed or contains outlies. In these scenarios, the median provides a more accurate idea of where the “center” of a dataset is located.
Additional Resources
The following tutorials provide additional information about other descriptive statistics:
Why is the Median Important in Statistics?
Why is Standard Deviation Important in Statistics?
When to Use Mean vs. Median